Reflecting the Year 2015:)

Reflection the Year 2015

Maheshwor Rijal

The year 2015 is going to end, and let’s welcome New Year 2016 as an avenue for progressive changes and transformations in the history of our nation. As the youth citizen, I am scrutinizing my dream where my country would be the ideal model to be followed in the international community. For this, harmonious political mechanism is mandatory, where every citizen can enjoy their rights and pursuit of happiness. And, my desire is to serve the nation wholeheartedly doing the things as best as I can.  But this is bad omen that we are still living under the great political deadlock, and transitional phase, and situation is being really traumatic as there is no

Many things have been severely affected due to earthquake. Several houses including archaeological monuments have been collapsed. It is obvious that people are still struggling to get back to their normal life and livelihood and chilling cold, now, is challenging Dwelling under the CGI sheet and Tarp is very difficult as there is no insulation and warm. The quake-survivors are having many challenges due to poor living condition and lack of hygiene and sanitation.  This should be urgent priority of government. Therefore, many things are yet to be done, improving all this urgent issues.

The outflow of money should be minimized prioritizing local products. Let’s stop massive flow of well skilled human resources and culture of brain drain in the foreign land and equally avoid the unquantifiable pain of Nepalese workers in the Arabian land. And such kind of unwanted outcomes are to be addressed soon forming the apt mechanism from concerned authority from this New Year. Hope this is the year for favorable environment for investment in hydroelectricity, and other industry, and for the healthy environment of employment for youth.  Because of massive unemployment rate, there is the frustration and alienation among youth circle, and hope government will rectify these critical realities implementing employment packages immediately

.

Let’s make this year as the year of improvement in education mechanism, where the role of government is to reduce the gap of haves and haves not group in Nepalese society, today, strengthening the standard of public schools and minimizing attraction toward private ones.

Hope the year 2016 will be the best year for historic changes. This is really weakness of government as there is no adequate focus on most Earthquake affected population where victims are died due to extreme chilling cold. As a humanitarian and development activist, I want to urge that government should develop integrated utilizing the reconstruction strategies to ensure the living place.

This is the time to see the possibility of change from the ground where there no possibilities, in terms of education, finance, industry and commerce and more the healthy politics.  I HOPE YEAR 2016 will be the shining star to address the voice of voiceless people particularly Earthquake affected region. 

Now, it’s time to learn from the failure to reach in success appreciating what Winston Churchill said Success is the ability to go from failure to failure without losing your enthusiasm.  Therefore, it’s time that political leaders to act wisely, lets welcome all helping hands for the progress of nation to see the ultimate delight and happiness.

HAPPY NEW YEAR 2016J

BE HAPPY ALWAYS

Research Proposal कसरी तयार पार्ने?

-  By Prof. Mana Prasad Wagely, PhD

थेसिसको प्रोपोजल लेख्ने क्रममा केही बिद्यार्थीहरुमा देखिएको तनाव स्वाभाविक हो/ यसलाई तनावको रुपमा ग्रहण नगर्न र निर्माणात्मक प्रक्रियाको रुपमा बुझ्नु उचित हुन्छ/ वास्तवमै यो कठिन कार्य हो तर जब तपाईं आफ्नो प्रोपोजलमा सफल हुनुहुन्छ तपाइंको थेसिसको झन्डै ५० प्रतिशत काम फत्ते भएको महशुस गर्नु हुनेछ/ प्रोपोजल तयार पार्दा धेरैलाई के मा रिसर्च गर्ने भन्ने नै टाउको दुखाइ हुन्छ/ जुन क्षेत्रमा आफ्नो बलियो पकड छ त्यसैलाई पकड्न सक्नु भयो भने Topic पत्ता लगाउन सजिलो हुन्छ/ यदि तपाईं माध्यमिक बिद्यालयमा बिज्ञान पढाउनु हुन्छ भने तपाइंको Topic माध्यमिक विद्यालयको बिज्ञान संग सम्बन्धित समस्यामा आधारित गराउन सके तनाव स्वाट्टै घट्न सक्छ/ त्य

सपछि कुन समस्या लिने भन्नेमा जानोस/ पाठ्यक्रम पाठ्यपुस्तक वा शिक्षण सिकाइ वा मूल्यांकन वा कक्षा व्यवस्थापन वा तपाइले महशुस गर्नु भएका अन्य कुनै समस्या/ त्यसपछि तपाइंको थेसिसले उक्त समस्यामा अनुसन्धान गरेर कस्ता कस्ता प्रश्नको उत्तर खोजेको हो बिचार गर्नुहोस/ ती प्रश्ननै तपाइंको Research question हुन्/ उदाहरणको लागि यदि तपाइँ माध्यमिक तहको बिज्ञान बिषयमा किन बिद्यार्थी बढी असफल हुन्छन भन्ने पत्ता लगाउन चाहनु हुन्छ भने तपाइको एउटा Research question " What are the reasons behind students' failure in secondary school science subject?" हुन सक्छ/ यो quantitative research को नमुना भयो/ Qualitative गर्नु हुन्छ भने त्यसैलाई अलि परिमार्जन गरेर बिज्ञान बिषय प्रति विद्यार्थीले आफ्नो धारणा कस्तो बनाएका रहेछन त भनेर "How do students perceive the learning of science in secondary schools?" भनेर अगाडि बढ्न सक्नु हुन्छ/ (क्रमस:)

Lesson 2 (How to write a topic of research?)

आज फेरी topic कै बारेमा कुरा गरौँ/ हिजो हामीले topic छान्ने बारे केही भनेका थियौं/ सकभर आफ्नो रुची र लगाव भएको टपिक छान्दा राम्रो भनेर/ अर्को एउटा उदाहरण लिउँ है/ यदि तपाईं कम साक्षर वा कम शिक्षित मानिसका समुहका बारेमा किन उनीहरु अरुको तुलनामा कम्जोर भए भन्ने अनुसन्धानमा रुची राख्नुहुन्छ भने तपाइंको topic के होला? एउटा यस्तो हुन सक्छ "Meaning of education to the marginalized group: An ethnography of Raute in Nepal" यो उदाहरण यहाँ किन ल्याइएको हो भने topic मा के के कुरा उल्लेख भए राम्रो होला भनेर हो/ जस्तो यो topic ले marginalized group को शिक्षामा एउटा ethnography गर्छु भन्छ र त्यसको location नेपाल देखाउंछ/ अर्थात मूल बिषय (marginalized group को शिक्षा ) + अनुसन्धान बिधि (ethnography) + स्थान (नेपाल)/ Topic मा यसरीनै ३ वटा कुरा प्रष्ट पार्न सके अगाडिको बाटोमा अल्झिरहनु पर्दैन/ यसैमा अरु बिधि पनि लागू गर्न सकिन्छ/ तपाईं case study पनि गर्न सक्नु हुन्छ/ यो qualitative research title को नमुना हो/ Quantitative गर्नु पर्दा topic मा Independent variable+dependent variable +method + location खुलाउँदा राम्रो/ जस्तो "Factors influencing education of the marginalized group:A survey of Raute in Nepal".

Lesson 3 (Research question)

हिजोको छलफलमा हामीले topic कसरी लेख्ने भन्ने बारे केहि भन्यौं/ बास्तवमा टपिक भनेकै तपाइंको Research Problem हो / हिजोको topic मा Ramesh Chaulagain र Kamal Gurung Smile ले quantitative research को लागि बनाउनु भएको research questions को लागि धेरै धेरै धन्यबाद/ दुबैको प्रश्नमा अनुसन्धानको दम छ/ 
Qualitative research का लागि भने बेग्लै research question बनाउनु जरुरी हुन्छ/ किनभने quantitative research ले बाहिर समाजमा जे छ त्यो नै सत्य मानेको हुन्छ भने qualitative research ले मानिसका भावना, विचार, सोचाइ फरक फरक हुने हुनाले सत्य एउटै हुन सक्दैन र फरक मान्छेका लागि सत्य पनि फरक हुन्छ भन्ने बिस्वास गर्छ/ बास्तवमा research question भनेको तपाइंले छान्नु भएको topic ले कस्तो उत्तरको अपेक्षा गर्छ र त्यसले अहिले भैरहेको ज्ञान मा के नयाँ कुरा थप्न चाहन्छ भन्ने संकेत हो / त्यसैले research question एकदम प्रष्ट, विशिष्ट, र समस्या संग प्रत्यक्ष गाँसिएको हुनु जरुरी छ/ त्यसैले हिजोको topic "Meaning of education to the marginalized group: An ethnography of Raute in Nepal" मै qualitative research को यस्तो research question हुन सक्छ/ तर यो भन्दा फरक हुनु हुँदैन भनेको चाहिं होइन है/ यो एउटा Example मात्रै हो ;
1. How do Raute people construct the meaning of "Education"?
2. How do they relate the meaning of "Education" to their cultural context?
3. What value of "Education" do they see in their daily life?अब तपाईं पनि एउटा research problem बिचार गर्नुस, त्यसैमा एउटा topic बनाऊनुस र research question लेख्ने अभ्यास गर्नुस/ संका लागे मलाइ लेखी पठाउनुस फेरी छलफल गर्न सकिन्छ/ (क्रमस:)

Lesson 4 ( Introduction Chapter)

Lesson 3 मा हामीले research questions बारे छलफल गर्यौं/ अब Introduction Chapter कसरी लेख्ने भन्नेमा छलफल गरौँ/ यो Chapter ले खास गरी तपाईंको अनुसन्धान समस्यालाई परिचय दिने काम गर्दछ/ पाठकले के थाहा पाउनु जरुरी हुन्छ भने तपाइंको अनुसन्धान को मुख्य एजेन्डा के हो (General Introduction), तपाइंले प्रयोग गर्नु भएका terminology ले के अर्थ राख्छ; topic ले भन्न खोजेको कुरा के हो; topic को संग सम्बन्धित छ; उनीहरुको अहिलेको अवस्था कस्तो छ; उनीहरुको अवस्था बारे मुलत: कस्तो कुरा उठिरहेको छ; आदि = (Background); किन तपाइंलाई त्यही अनुसन्धान गर्नु पर्यो? = (Rationale); त्यो अनुसन्धानले कस्तो knowledge को अपेक्षा गर्छ? =(Purpose and Research Questions); तपाइंले छान्नु भएको टपिक र research questions त्यस क्षेत्रको कस्तो knowledge gap बाट तानिएका हुन्? = (Statement of the Problem); तपाइंको अनुसन्धान ले उक्त टपिक अन्तर्गत कति मात्रै अध्ययन गर्न सक्छ? = (Delimitation) / Chapter को अन्तमा एउटा Summary लेख्दा राम्रो हुन्छ जसले तपाइंको Introduction Chapterमा मुख्य रुपमा छलफल भएका बिषयबस्तुलाइ सारमा उल्लेख गर्छ/ 
तपाइंले Background ५०० शब्दको, Rationale ३०० शब्दको, Purpose २ वाक्यमा , Statement of the Problem २०० शब्दमा, Research Questions ३ वटा, र Delimitation २०० शब्दमा लेख्ने प्रयास गरे पुग्छ, धेरै लामो लेख्नु जरुरी छैन/ तर एउटा कुरा के बिचार गर्नु जरुरी छ भने Literature Review दोस्रो Chapter मा लेख्ने भएता पनि, Literature Review तपाइको पहिलो काम हुन्छ/ Literature Review नगरी knowledge gap थाहा हुँदैन र यो थाहा नपाइ न त topic नै छान्न सकिन्छ, न त Statement of the Problem र research questions नै बनाउन सकिन्छ/ (क्रमस:)

Lesson 5 (Literature Review)
गएको ४ वटा खण्डमा हामीले मोटामोटी रुपमा Introduction Chapter कसरी लेख्ने भन्ने बारे कुरा गर्यौं / आज Literature Review बारे केही कुरा गरौँ/ खासगरी थेसिस लेख्नेहरुका लागि यो खण्ड एकदमै महत्वपूर्ण छ/ Literature Review बाट प्राप्त गरेकै ज्ञानको आधारमा सम्पूर्ण थेसिसमा सकारात्मक बल प्राप्त हुन्छ/ पुस्तक, जर्नल, थेसिस, शिलालेख, डायरी, नीतिगत दस्ताबेज जस्ता लेखोट; मूर्ती, तस्बीर, धार्मिक र सांस्कृतिक महत्वका बस्तुहरु जस्ता artifacts; भिडिओ, अडियो, जस्ता मिडिया र तपाईंको अनुसन्धान संग सम्बन्धित अन्य कुराहरु Literature Review का लागि सामग्री हुन सक्छन/ सबभन्दा पहिले आफ्नो थेसिससंग सम्बन्धित सामग्री पहिल्याउनु पर्ने हुन्छ र त्यसलाई राम्रो संग अध्ययन गर्नु पर्छ/ अध्ययन गर्दै जाँदा तपाइंको थेसिस संग मिल्ने कुराहरु वा तपाईंको थेसिसलाइ सहयोग पुग्ने कुराहरु नोट गर्ने गर्नु पर्छ/ नोट गर्दा दुइवटा कुरामा ध्यान दिनुहोस 
१. घत लाग्दा र साना साना बाक्यहरु हुबहु सारेर inverted coma भित्र राखी त्यो कुन स्रोतबाट झिकिएको हो पेज नम्बर सहित कोष्ठमा वा फुटनोटमा जनाउनु पर्ने हुन्छ/
२. धेरै लामा परिच्छेदहरु हुबहु सार्न मिल्दैन/ त्यस्ता परिच्छेदहरु हुबहु सारेको पाइएमा त्यसलाई plagiarism अर्थात् बौद्धिक चोरी गरेको ठहरिन्छ र तपाइंको थेसिस अस्वीकृत गरिन्छ/ त्यसैले त्यस्ता परिच्छेद आफैंले पढ्ने, अर्थ बुझ्ने अनि आफ्नै किसिमले लेख्ने गर्नु पर्दछ जसलाई paraphrasing भनिन्छ/ paraphrasing गर्दा पनि कोष्ठमा वा फुटनोट मा उक्त सामग्री कहाँ बाट प्राप्त भएको हो वा कसले लेखेको हो भन्ने कुरा उल्लेख गर्नु पर्छ/ 
अर्को lesson मा हामी Literature Review गर्दा के के गर्ने र कसरी गर्ने भन्ने बिषयमा केन्द्रित हुनेछौं/ (क्रमस:)

Lesson 6 (Literature Review continued...)

अगिल्लो पाठमा हामीले Literature Review का बारेमा परिचय लिने काम गर्यौं/ आज हामी Literature Review मा के के Review गर्ने भनेर छलफल गर्नेछौं/ खासगरी Literature Review मा ४ किसिमका Literature खोजेर Review गर्ने गरिन्छ/ ती हुन् 
१. Thematic Review: तपाइंको topic संग मेल खाने कुनै पनि बिषय बस्तु यसमा पर्दछन/ कुनै किताब, अनुसन्धानात्मक प्रकाशन, थेसिस, पिरियाडीकल्स जस्ता आफ्नो research problem र research questions संग मेल खाने (प्रत्यक्ष वा अप्रत्यक्ष) सामग्रीहरु तपाईंले Review गर्नु पर्ने हुन्छ/ 
२. Theoretical Review: खास गरी social science मा थेसिस लेख्नेहरुले कुनै न कुनै social theory को सहयोग लिने गर्छन/ यसो भनेको के हो भने तपाईं आफ्नो thesis लाइ कुन theory को आँखा बाट हेर्नु हुन्छ वा ब्याख्या गर्न चाहनु हुन्छ भन्ने हो/ जसलाई तपाइंको theoretical perspective पनि भन्ने गरिन्छ/ Theory नभई thesis बन्ने कुरै भएन किनभने थेसिस भनेकै भएका theory हरुमा नयाँ ज्ञान थप्नु हो वा नयाँ theory निर्माण गर्नु हो/ 
३. Empirical Review: यो भनेको तपाइंको thesis संग मिल्ने खालको research यस अगि अरु कसैले गरेको हुन सक्छ/ चाहे त्यो थेसिस को रुपमा होस् वा कुनै जर्नल आर्टिकल को रुपमा/ त्यो नेपालकै हुनुपर्छ भन्ने जरुरी छैन/ त्यस्ता previous research हरुले तपाइंले रोज्नु भएको अनुसन्धानको समस्याका बारेमा के भनेका रहेछन त? त्यो कुरा Literature Review मा अत्यन्तै आवस्यक ठानिन्छ/
४. Policy Review: कुनै पनि देशका आफ्ना नियम कानून हुन्छन/ तपाइंको थेसिस संग सम्बन्धित पक्षमा आफ्नो देश र अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय कानूनमा केही policy, rules and regulations तय गरिएका हुन्छन नै/ थेसिस ले त्यस्ता नियम कानूनको बारेमा तपाइंको ध्यान आकृष्ट गर्ने गर्छ/ तपाइंले आफू त्यसमा सुसूचित छु भन्ने प्रमाणको रूपमा त्यस्ता document हरु खोजी Review गर्नु पर्ने हुन्छ/
अर्को lesson मा Literature Review का लागि प्राप्त document हरु कसरी Review गर्ने भन्ने बारे छलफल गरिनेछ/ (क्रमस:)/